licensing
(Written by Ywein Van den Brande, with contributions by: Paul Cobbaut, https://github.com/paulcobbaut/)
This chapter briefly explains the different licenses used for distributing operating systems software.
Many thanks go to Ywein Van den Brande for writing most of this
chapter.
Ywein is an attorney at law, co-author of
The International FOSS Law Book and author of
Praktijkboek Informaticarecht (in Dutch).
http://ifosslawbook.org
http://www.crealaw.eu
about software licenses
There are two predominant software paradigms:
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) and
proprietary software. The criteria for differentiation between these
two approaches is based on control over the software. With
proprietary software, control tends to lie more with the
vendor, while with Free and Open Source Software it
tends to be more weighted towards the end user. But even though the
paradigms differ, they use the same copyright laws to
reach and enforce their goals. From a legal perspective,
Free and Open Source Software can be considered as
software to which users generally receive more rights via their license
agreement than they would have with a proprietary software license,
yet the underlying license mechanisms are the same.
Legal theory states that the author of FOSS, contrary to the author of
public domain software, has in no way whatsoever given
up his rights on his work. FOSS supports on the rights of the author
(the copyright) to impose FOSS license conditions. The FOSS license
conditions need to be respected by the user in the same way as
proprietary license conditions. Always check your license carefully
before you use third party software.
Examples of proprietary software are AIX from IBM, HP-UX from HP and
Oracle Database 11g. You are not authorised to install or use this
software without paying a licensing fee. You are not authorised to
distribute copies and you are not authorised to modify the closed source
code.
public domain software and freeware
Software that is original in the sense that it is an intellectual
creation of the author benefits copyright protection.
Non-original software does not come into consideration for copyright
protection and can, in principle, be used freely.
Public domain software is considered as software to which the author has given up all rights and on which nobody is able to enforce any rights. This software can be used, reproduced or executed freely, without permission or the payment of a fee. Public domain software can in certain cases even be presented by third parties as own work, and by modifying the original work, third parties can take certain versions of the public domain software out of the public domain again.
Freeware is not public domain software or FOSS. It is
proprietary software that you can use without paying a license cost.
However, the often strict license terms need to be respected.
Examples of freeware are Adobe Reader, Skype and
Command and Conquer: Tiberian Sun (this game was sold as proprietary
in 1999 and is since 2011 available as freeware).
Free Software or Open Source Software
Both the Free Software (translates to
vrije software in Dutch and to
Logiciel Libre in French) and the
Open Source Software movement largely pursue similar
goals and endorse similar software licenses. But historically, there has
been some perception of differentiation due to different emphases. Where
the Free Software movement focuses on the rights (the four freedoms)
which Free Software provides to its users, the Open Source Software
movement points to its Open Source Definition and the advantages of
peer-to-peer software development.
Recently, the term free and open source software or FOSS has arisen as a
neutral alternative. A lesser-used variant is free/libre/open source
software (FLOSS), which uses libre to clarify the meaning of free as
in freedom rather than as in at no charge.
Examples of free software are gcc, MySQL and gimp.
Detailed information about the four freedoms can be
found here:
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
The open source definition can be found at:
http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd
The above definition is based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines
available here:
http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines
GNU General Public License
More and more software is being released under the
GNU GPL (in 2006 Java was released under the GPL). This
license (v2 and v3) is the main license endorsed by the Free Software
Foundation. It's main characteristic is the copyleft
principle. This means that everyone in the chain of consecutive users,
in return for the right of use that is assigned, needs to distribute the
improvements he makes to the software and his derivative works under the
same conditions to other users, if he chooses to distribute such
improvements or derivative works. In other words, software which
incorporates GNU GPL software, needs to be distributed in turn as GNU
GPL software (or compatible, see below). It is not possible to
incorporate copyright protected parts of GNU GPL software in a
proprietary licensed work. The GPL has been upheld in court.
using GPLv3 software
You can use GPLv3 software almost without any
conditions. If you solely run the software you even don't have to accept
the terms of the GPLv3. However, any other use - such as modifying or
distributing the software - implies acceptance.
In case you use the software internally (including over a network), you may modify the software without being obliged to distribute your modification. You may hire third parties to work on the software exclusively for you and under your direction and control. But if you modify the software and use it otherwise than merely internally, this will be considered as distribution. You must distribute your modifications under GPLv3 (the copyleft principle). Several more obligations apply if you distribute GPLv3 software. Check the GPLv3 license carefully.
You create output with GPLv3 software: The GPLv3 does not automatically apply to the output.
BSD license
There are several versions of the original Berkeley Distribution License. The most common one is the 3-clause license (\"New BSD License\" or \"Modified BSD License\").
This is a permissive free software license. The license places minimal restrictions on how the software can be redistributed. This is in contrast to copyleft licenses such as the GPLv. 3 discussed above, which have a copyleft mechanism.
This difference is of less importance when you merely use the software, but kicks in when you start redistributing verbatim copies of the software or your own modified versions.
other licenses
FOSS or not, there are many kind of licenses on software. You should read and understand them before using any software.
combination of software licenses
When you use several sources or wishes to redistribute your software under a different license, you need to verify whether all licenses are compatible. Some FOSS licenses (such as BSD) are compatible with proprietary licenses, but most are not. If you detect a license incompatibility, you must contact the author to negotiate different license conditions or refrain from using the incompatible software.